[1] Ahmed, S.R., An experimental study of the wake structures of typical automobile shapes, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 9, 1981, 49–62.
[2] Wood, R.M., Bauer, S., Simple and Low-Cost Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Devices for Tractor-Trailer Trucks, SAE International Truck and Bus Meeting and Exhibition, Texas, USA, 2003-01-3377, 2003.
[3] White, F.M., Fluid mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2011.
[4] Katz, J., Aerodynamics of Race Cars, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 38, 2006, 27–63.
[5] Gilliéron, P., Kourta, A., Aerodynamic drag reduction by vertical splitter plates, Exp. Fluids, 48, 2010, 1–16.
[6] Rojewski, A., Bartoszewicz, J., Numerical analysis of influence of the wing in ground effect on aircraft lift coefficient and on car downforce coefficient, J. Mech. Transp. Eng., 69, 2017, 47–54.
[7] Katz, J., Race Car Aerodynamics Designing for Speed Engineering and Performance, Bentley Publishers, 1995.
[8] Ahmed, S.R., Ramm, G., Faltin, G., Some salient features of the time-averaged ground vehicle wake, SAE Technical Paper, 1984, 1-34.
[9] Crabtree, L.F., Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, Aeronat. J., 91(906), 1987, 285-285.
[10] Ranzenbach, R., Barlow, J.B., Diaz, R.H., Multi-element airfoil in ground effect- an experimental and computational study, 15th Applied Aerodynamics Conference, USA, 1997.
[11] Kim, M.H., Numerical study on the wake flow characteristics and drag reduction of large-sized bus using rear-spoiler, Int. J. Veh. Des., 34, 2004, 203–217.
[12] Kieffer, W., Moujaes, S., Armbya, N., CFD study of section characteristics of Formula Mazda race car wings, Math. Comput. Model., 43, 2006, 1275–1287.
[13] Fares, E., Unsteady flow simulation of the Ahmed reference body using a lattice Boltzmann approach, Comput. Fluids, 35, 2006, 940-950.
[14] Hargreaves, D.M., Morvan, H.P., Wright, N.G., CFD modeling of high-sided vehicles in cross-winds, Fourth Int. Symp. Comput. Wind Eng., 2006.
[15] Chainani, A., Perera, N., CFD investigation of airflow on a model radio control race car, WCE, London, UK, 2008.
[16] Tsai, C.H., Fu, L.M., Tai, C.H, et al., Computational aero-acoustic analysis of a passenger car with a rear spoiler, Appl. Math. Model., 33, 2009, 3661–3673.
[17] Mitra, D., Effect of relative wind on notch back car with add-on parts, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 2, 2010, 472–476.
[18] Tsubokura, M., Nakashima, T., Kitayama, M., et al., Large eddy simulation on the unsteady aerodynamic response of a road vehicle in transient crosswinds, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 31, 2010, 1075–1086.
[19] Hu, X., Wong, E.T., Numerical study on rear-spoiler of passenger vehicle, Int. J. Mech. Aerospace, 57, 2011, 636–641.
[20] Zhu, L.D., Li, L., Xu, Y.L., et al., Wind tunnel investigations of aerodynamic coefficients of road vehicles on bridge deck, J. Fluids Struct., 30, 2012, 35–50.
[21] Sadettin, H., Salah R., Aydin, M., et al., Effects of rear spoilers on ground vehicle aerodynamic drag, Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow, 24, 2014, 627–642.
[22] Sung, L.G., Wan, W.Z., Zainudin, A.Z., et al., Aerodynamic Analysis of the Preliminary Design of SURIAKAR 4 Using CFD, Appl. Mech. Mater., 629, 2014, 507–512.
[23] Bahoosh, R., Momenifar, M., INVESTIGATION OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON TWO TANDEM CARS, International Symposium on Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, Kusadasi, Turkey, 2014.
[24] Cheng, S.Y., Mansor, S., Influence of rear-roof spoiler on the aerodynamic performance of hatchback vehicle, Fifteenth Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics, Sarawak, Malaysia, 2016.
[25] Liu, X., Han, Y., Cai, C.S., et al., Wind tunnel tests for mean wind loads on road vehicles, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 150, 2016, 15–21.
[26] Mashud, M., Rubel, C.D., Effect of rear end spoiler angle of a sedan car, AIP Conference Proceedings, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017.
[27] Li, T., Zhang, J., Rashidi, M., Yu, M., On the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Modelling of the Flow around a Simplified Train in Crosswinds, J. Appl. Fluid Mech., 12, 2019, 551-563.
[28] Ferraris, A., Airale, A.G., et al., City Car Drag Reduction by Means of Shape Optimization and Add-On Devices, IFToMM World Congress on Mechanism and Machine Science, Krakow, Poland, 2019.
[29] Yıldız, A., Dandıl, B., Investigation of effect of vehicle grilles on aerodynamic energy loss and drag coefficient, J. Energy Syst., 2, 2018, 190–203.
[30] Guo, H.L., Qin, P.P., Cui, R.Y., Using the numerical simulation analyzes the influence of the rear wing on the Car’s aerodynamic, ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, New York, USA, 2008.
[31] Prakash, S., Parth, N.B., et al., Prototype Development of Car By Improving Aerodynamic Shapes & Calculation of Aerodynamic Forces, J. Nov. Res. Dev., 2018, 82–86.
[32] Džijan, I., Pašić, A., Buljac, A., et al., Aerodynamic forces acting on a race car for various ground clearances and rake angles, J. Appl. Fluid Mech., 12, 2019, 361–368.
[33] https://drawingdatabase.com/volkswagen-golf-v/., 7/20/2019.
[34] https://www.the-blueprints.com/blueprints/cars/vw/24715/view/volkswagen_jetta__1993_/, 7/20/2019.
[35] Launder, B.E., Sharma, B.I., Application of the energy-dissipation model of turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disc, Lett. Heat Mass Transf., 1, 1974, 131–137.
[36] Jones, W., Launder, B., The prediction of laminarization with a two-equation model of turbulence, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 15, 1972, 301–314.
[37] Ohtani, K., Takei, M., Sakamoto, H., Nissan Full Scale Wind Tunnel—Its Application to Passenger Car Design, SAE Technical Paper, 1972, 1018-1030.
[38] Schenkel, F.K., The Origins of Drag and Lift Reductions on Automobiles with Front and Rear Spoiler, SAE Technical Paper, 1977, 1661-1671
[39] Zhang, Q., Su, C., Wang, Y., Numerical investigation on aerodynamic performance and stability of a sedan under wind–bridge–tunnel road condition, Alexandria Eng. J., 59, 2020, 3963–3980
[40] Howell, J., Fuller, J.B., A Relationship between Lift and Lateral Aerodynamic Characteristics for Passenger Cars, SAE Technical Paper, 2010, 1025-1036.
Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics
)
