Effect of Temperature and Moisture on the Impact Behaviour of ‎Adhesive Joints for the Automotive Industry

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal‎

2 Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal‎

Abstract

This study focuses on evaluating the impact of aluminum adhesive joints as a function of temperature and moisture, in an effort to understand how these conditions affect their mechanical properties and behavior. After preparing the required specimens (using two different adhesives and adherend thicknesses), several tests have been made in order to determine these properties and compare their values to the predictions made using analytical methods. These tests were repeated with several distinct combinations of temperatures and moisture levels so that the effect of these properties can be properly interpreted. It was observed that higher temperatures strongly increase the ductility of the adhesive but mixed with moisture this can degrade them. Moisture can increase the energy absorbed through increased plastic deformation of the adhesive and improve behaviour at low temperatures.

Keywords

Main Subjects

[1] da Silva, L.F.M., Öchsner, A., Adams, R.D., Handbook of Adhesion Technology: Second Edition. vol. 1–2. Springer, 2018.
[2] Adams, R.D., Adhesive Bonding: Science, Technology and Applications: Elsevier Science, 2005.
[3] Adams, R.D., Comyn, J., Wake, W.C., Structural Adhesive Joints in Engineering: Vol. Second Edition. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.
[4] Bryant, R., Strength of Adhesive Joints. Nature, 202, 1964, 1087–1088.
[5] Naskar, A., Keum, J., Boeman, R., Polymer matrix nanocomposites for automotive structural components. Nature Nanotech, 11, 2016, 1026–1030.
[6] Liu, M., Guo, Y., Wang, J., Yergin, M., Corrosion avoidance in lightweight materials for automotive applications. npj Mater Degrad, 2, 2018, 24.
[7] Naskar, A., Keum, J., Boeman, R., Polymer matrix nanocomposites for automotive structural components. Nature Nanotech, 11, 2016, 1026–1030.
[8] da Silva, L.F.M., Adams, R.D., Adhesive joints at high and low temperatures using similar and dissimilar adherends and dual adhesives. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 27, 2007, 216-226.
[9] Deb, A., Malvade, I., Biswas, P., Schroeder, J., An experimental and analytical study of the mechanical behaviour of adhesively bonded joints for variable extension rates and temperatures. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 28, 2008, 1-15.
[10] Grant, L.D.R., Adams, R.D., da Silva, L.F.M., Effect of the temperature on the strength of adhesively bonded single lap and T joints for the automotive industry. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 29, 2009, 535-542.
[11] Owens, J.F.P., Lee-Sullivan, P., Stiffness behaviour due to fracture in adhesively bonded composite-to-aluminum joints II. Experimental. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 20, 2000, 47-58.
[12] da Silva, L.F.M., Adams, R.D., Measurement of the mechanical properties of structural adhesives in tension and shear over a wide range of temperatures. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 19, 2005, 109-141.
[13] Adamson, M., Thermal expansion and swelling of cured epoxy resin used in graphite/epoxy composite materials. Journal of Materials Science, 15, 1980, 1736-1745.
[14] Zhang, Y., Adams, R.D., da Silva, L.F.M., Absorption and glass transition temperature of adhesives exposed to water and toluene. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 50, 2014, 85-92.
[15] Bao, L.-R., Yee, A.F., Effect of temperature on moisture absorption in a bismaleimide resin and its carbon fiber composites. Polymer, 43, 2002, 3987-3997.
[16] Machado, J.J.M., Marques, E.A.S., da Silva, L.F. M., Adhesives and adhesive joints under impact loadings: An overview. The Journal of Adhesion, 94(6), 2018, 421-452.
[17] Lin, Y.C., Chen, X., Moisture sorption–desorption–resorption characteristics and its effect on the mechanical behavior of the epoxy system. Polymer, 46(25), 2005, 11994-12003.
[18] Avendaño, R., Carbas, R.J.C., Chaves, F., Costa, M., da Silva, L.F.M., Fernandes, A.A.. Impact Loading of Single Lap Joints of Dissimilar Lightweight Adherends Bonded With a Crash-Resistant Epoxy Adhesive. ASME. J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 138(4), 2016, 041019.
[19] Avendaño, R., Carbas, R.J.,C., Marques, E.A.S., da Silva, L.F.M., Fernandes, A.A., Effect of temperature and strain rate on single lap joints with dissimilar lightweight adherends bonded with an acrylic adhesive. Composite Structures, 152, 2016, 34-44.
[20] Machado, J.J.M., Nunes, P.D.P., Marques, E.A.S., da Silva, L.F.M., Adhesive joints using aluminium and CFRP substrates tested at low and high temperatures under quasi-static and impact conditions for the automotive industry. Composites Part B: Engineering, 158, 2019, 102-116.
[21] Machado, J., Hayashi, A., Nunes, P., Marques, E., Carbas, R., Sato, C., da Silva, L., Strain rate dependence of a crash resistant adhesive as a function of temperature for the automotive industry. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 233(11), 2019, 2189–2203.
[22] Saldanha, D.F.S., Canto, C., da Silva, L.F.M., Carbas, R.J.C., Chaves, F.J.P., Nomura, K., Mechanical characterization of a high elongation and high toughness epoxy adhesive. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 47, 2013, 91-98.
[23] Hussain, N.N., Regalla, S.P., Rao Y.V.D., Dirgantara, T., Gunawan, L., Jusuf, A., Drop-weight impact testing for the study of energy absorption in automobile crash boxes made of composite material. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 235(1), 2021, 114-130.
[24] da Silva, L.F.M., Dillard, D. A., Blackman, B., Adams, R.D., Testing Adhesive Joints: Best Practices: Wiley, 2013.
[25] Deb, A., Malvade, I., Biswas, P., Schroeder, J., An experimental and analytical study of the mechanical behaviour of adhesively bonded joints for variable extension rates and temperatures. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 28, 2008, 1-15.
[26] Varajão J.F., Impact of CFRP adhesive joints for the automotive industry, MCs thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2015.
[27] Viana, G., Costa, M., Banea, M.D., da Silva, L.F.M., Behaviour of environmentally degraded epoxy adhesives as a function of temperature. The Journal of Adhesion, 93(1-2), 2017, 95-112.
[28] Costa, M., Viana, G., da Silva, L.F.M., Campilho, R., Effect of humidity on the mechanical properties of adhesively bonded aluminium joints. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 232(9), 2018, 733-742.