Upgrading the Seismic Capacity of Pile-Supported Wharfs Using Semi-Active Liquid Column Gas Damper

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Shariati Av., Babol, Mazandaran, 47148 - 71167, Iran

Abstract

One of the most important structures in the ports is the wharf. The most common one is the pile-supported wharf. This type of wharf is consisted of a number of piles and one deck which placed on the piles. In addition to the conventional loads that this structure should withstand, in seismic areas, pile-supported wharfs should have the necessary capacity and strength against seismic excitations. There are some approaches to increase the seismic capacity of the berth. One of these methods is to control the vibrations of the pile-supported wharf against earthquake loads using a damper. In this research, for the first time, a new semi-active damper called the semi active liquid column gas damper (SALCGD), was used to reduce the response of pile supported wharf under seismic loads. In the first step by applying different records of the earthquake, the most important parameter of this damper - the optimal opening ratio of the horizontal column- was obtained for this particular structure. In the following, the performances of this damper and its comparison with the tuned liquid column gas damper (TLCGD) were discussed. This study showed that the use of this semi-active damper (SALCGD) reduces the displacement of the pile-supported wharf by 35% and reduces the acceleration of the structure by 50% on average. In contrast, the passive damper (TLCGD) reduces the displacement of about 20 percent and the acceleration of about 30 percent. Therefore, it was observed that the semi-activation of the damper (SALCGD) had a significant improvement in its performance in controlling the vibrations of pile-supported wharf.

Keywords

Main Subjects

[1] Gerolymos, N., Giannakou, A., Anastasopoulos, I. and Gazetas, G., Evidence of beneficial role of inclined piles: observations and summary of numerical analyses. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 6(4), 2008, 705-722.
[2] Poulos, H.G., Raked piles—Virtues and drawbacks. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(6), 2006, 795-803.
[3] Oyenuga, D., Abrahamson, E., Krimotat, A., Kozak, A., Labasco, T. and Lobedan, F., A study of the pile-wharf deck connection at the Port of Oakland. In Ports' 01: America's Ports: Gateway to the Global Economy, 2001, 1-10.
[4] Mageau, D. and Chin, K., Effectiveness of stone columns on slope deformations beneath wharves. In TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment, 2009, 1-12.
[5] Soong, T.T. and Dargush, G.F., Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Structural Engineering Wiley. Chichester, UK, 1997.
[6] Tributsch, A. and Adam, C., Evaluation and analytical approximation of Tuned Mass Damper performance in an earthquake environment. Smart Structures and Systems, 10(2), 2012, 155-179.
[7] De Domenico, D. and Ricciardi, G., Earthquake-resilient design of base isolated buildings with TMD at basement: Application to a case study. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 113, 2018, 503-521.
[8] De Domenico, D. and Ricciardi, G., Optimal design and seismic performance of tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) for structures with nonlinear base isolation systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 47(12), 2018, 2539-2560.
[9] Elias, S., Matsagar, V. and Datta, T.K., Along‐wind response control of chimneys with distributed multiple tuned mass dampers. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 26(1), 2019, 2275.
[10] Nishimura, I., Kobori, T., Sakamoto, M., Koshika, N., Sasaki, K. and Ohrui, S., Active tuned mass damper. Smart Materials and Structures, 1(4), 1992, 306.
[11] Suleman, A., Oliveira, F., Botto, M. and Morais, P., Semi-active viscous damper for controlling civil engineering structures subjected to earthquakes. In CONTROLO, 2012.
[12] Di Matteo, A., Furtmüller, T., Adam, C. and Pirrotta, A., Optimal design of tuned liquid column dampers for seismic response control of base-isolated structures. Acta Mechanica, 229(2), 2018, 437-454.
[13] Min, K.W., Kim, H.S., Lee, S.H., Kim, H. and Ahn, S.K., Performance evaluation of tuned liquid column dampers for response control of a 76-story benchmark building. Engineering Structures, 27(7), 2005, 1101-1112.
[14] Di Matteo, A., Pirrotta, A. and Tumminelli, S., Combining TMD and TLCD: analytical and experimental studies. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 167, 2017, 101-113.
[15] Hitchcock, P.A., Kwok, K.C.S., Watkins, R.D. and Samali, B., Characteristics of liquid column vibration absorbers (LCVA)—I. Engineering Structures, 19(2), 1997, 126-134.
[16] Hitchcock, P.A., Kwok, K.C.S., Watkins, R.D. and Samali, B., Characteristics of liquid column vibration absorbers (LCVA)—II. Engineering Structures, 19(2), 1997, 135-144.
[17] Yalla, S.K., Kareem, A. and Kantor, J.C., Semi-active tuned liquid column dampers for vibration control of structures. Engineering Structures, 23(11), 2001, 1469-1479.
[18] Hemmati, A. and Oterkus, E., Semi-Active Structural Control of Offshore Wind Turbines Considering Damage Development. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 6(3), 2018, 102.
[19] Hemmati, A., Oterkus, E. and Khorasanchi, M., Vibration suppression of offshore wind turbine foundations using tuned liquid column dampers and tuned mass dampers. Ocean Engineering, 172, 2019, 286-295.
[20] Hochrainer, M.J. and Ziegler, F., Control of tall building vibrations by sealed tuned liquid column dampers. Structural Control and Health Monitoring: The Official Journal of the International Association for Structural Control and Monitoring and of the European Association for the Control of Structures, 13(6), 2006, 980-1002.
[21] Dezvareh, R., Bargi, K. and Mousavi, S.A., Control of wind/wave-induced vibrations of jacket-type offshore wind turbines through tuned liquid column gas dampers. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 12(3), 2016, 312-326.
[22] Bargi, K., Dezvareh, R. and Mousavi, S.A., Contribution of tuned liquid column gas dampers to the performance of offshore wind turbines under wind, wave, and seismic excitations. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 15(3), 2016, 551-561.
[23] Lindner-Silwester, T. and Schneider, W., The moving contact line with weak viscosity effects–an application and evaluation of Shikhmurzaev’s model. Acta Mechanica, 176(3-4), 2005, 245-258.
[24] Cheng, F.Y., Jiang, H. and Lou, K., Smart structures: innovative systems for seismic response control. CRC Press, 2008.
[25] Mousavi, S.A., Bargi, K. and Zahrai, S.M., Optimum parameters of tuned liquid column–gas damper for mitigation of seismic‐induced vibrations of offshore jacket platforms. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 20(3), 2013, 422-444.
[26] Wu, J.C., Experimental calibration and head loss prediction of tuned liquid column damper. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, 8(4), 2005, 319-325.
[27] Uang, C.M. and Bertero, V.V., Use of energy as a design criterion in earthquake-resistant design, Berkeley, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, 88(18), 1998.
[28] Sorace, S. and Terenzi, G., Seismic protection of frame structures by fluid viscous damped braces. Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(1), 2008, 45-55.
[29] De Domenico, D. and Ricciardi, G., Earthquake protection of structures with nonlinear viscous dampers optimized through an energy-based stochastic approach. Engineering Structures, 179, 2019, 523-539.
[30] Reggio, A. and Angelis, M.D., Optimal energy‐based seismic design of non‐conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) implemented via inter‐story isolation. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 44(10), 2015, 1623-1642.
[31] Towhata, I., Alam, M.J., Honda, T. and Tamate, S., Model tests on behaviour of gravity-type quay walls subjected to strong shaking. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 42(1), 2009, 47.
[32] Overseas coastal area development institute of Japan, Ports and harbours bureau, Ministry of land, infrastructure, transport and tourism, National institute for land and infrastructure management and Port and airport research institute, Technical standards and commentaries for port and harbour facilities in Japan. Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan, 2009.
[33] MATLAB, User Guide, Simulink, MathWorks Inc., Version 8.1.0, 2013.
[34] DeVries, P.L. and Hasbun, J.E., A first course in computational physics. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2011.
[35] Chopra, A.K. and Chopra, A.K., Dynamics of structures: theory and applications to earthquake engineering, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007.
[36] PEER, Strong Ground Motion Database,http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/, 2009.
[37] ASCE7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 2010.
[38] Wang, J.F., Lin, C.C. and Lian, C.H., Two‐stage optimum design of tuned mass dampers with consideration of stroke. Structural Control and Health Monitoring: The Official Journal of the International Association for Structural Control and Monitoring and of the European Association for the Control of Structures, 16(1), 2009, 55-72.