Temperature Influence on the Creep Behavior of a Carbon Fiber/Polyetheretherketone Composite

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Mostafa Katouzian 1
Sorin Vlase 1 , 2
Marin Marin 3 , 4
Nicolae Pop 5
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
2 Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, B-dul Dacia, 26, Bucharest, Romania
3 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
4 Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street, 3, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
5 Institute of Solid Mechanics of Romanian Academy, 010141 Bucharest, Romania
10.22055/jacm.2025.48137.5007
Abstract
Carbon/PEEK Fiber Composites materials have, generally, a viscoelastic behavior and the mechanical properties are time dependent. These materials have gained an explosive use in the last decades, hence the need to determine their mechanical properties as accurately as possible. Generally, a composite with PEEK resin (having a viscoelastic response) has a creep behavior. In the paper the author proposes a model, using the last squares method, to determine the behavior of these materials under the effect of temperature. The results can be useful to engineers to estimate the effect of the temperature in different operating conditions.
Keywords
Polyetheretherketone
PEEK
Carbon fiber
creep behavior
temperature
viscoelasticity
Subjects

Publisher’s Note Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

[1] Thiruchitrambalam, M., Bubesh Kumar, D., Shanmugam, D., Jawaid, M., A review on PEEK composites – Manufacturing methods, properties and applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, 33(1), 2020, 1085-1092.
[2] Díez-Pascual, A.M., Naffakh, M., Marco, C., Ellis, G., Gómez-Fatou, M.A., High-performance nanocomposites based on poly ether ketones, Progress in Materials Science, 57(7), 2012, 1106-1190.
[3] Zanjanijam, A.R., Major, I., Lyons, J.G., Lafont, U., Devine, D.M., Fused Filament Fabrication of PEEK: A Review of Process-Structure-Property Relationships, Polymers, 12(8), 2020, 1665.
[4] Gordelier, T.J., Thies, P.R., Turner, L., Johanning, L., Optimizing the FDM additive manufacturing process to achieve maximum tensile strength: a state-of-the-art review, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 25(6), 2019, 953-971.
[5] Marin, M., Lupu, M., On harmonic vibrations in thermoelasticity of micropolar bodies, Journal of Vibration and Control, 4(5), 1998, 507-518.
[6] Liao, C.Z., Li, Y.C., Tjong, S.C., Polyetheretherketone and Its Composites for Bone Replacement and Regeneration, Polymers, 12(12), 2020, 2858.
[7] Shukla, D., Negi, Y.S., Sen Uppadhyaya, J., Kumar, V., Synthesis and Modification of Poly (ether ether ketone) and their Properties: A Review, Polymer Reviews, 52(2), 2012, 189-228.
[8] Yang, F., Li, J., Han, S., Ma, N., Li, Q., Liu, D., Sui, G., Wear resistant PEEK composites with great mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity synergized with carbon fibers and h-BN nanosheets, Polymer Advanced Technology, 34(7), 2023, 2224-2234.
[9] Pheysey, J., De Cola, F., Pellegrino, A., Martinez-Hergueta, F., Strain rate and temperature dependence of short/unidirectional carbon fiber PEEK hybrid composites, Composites Part B: Engineering, 268, 2024, 111080.
[10] Duan, X., Yuan, H., Tang, W., He, J., Guan, X., A General Temperature-Dependent Stress–Strain Constitutive Model for Polymer-Bonded Composite Materials, Polymers, 13, 2021, 1393.
[11] Luo, L. Luo, Q., Zhang, G., Li, Q., Sun, G., On strain rate and temperature dependent mechanical properties and constitutive models for additively manufactured polylactic acid (PLA) materials, Thin-Walled Structures, 179, 2022, 109624.
[12] Erartsın, O., Drongelen, M.V., Govaert, L.E., Identification of plasticity-controlled creep and fatigue failure mechanisms in transversely loaded unidirectional thermoplastic composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 55(14), 2021, 1947-1965.
[13] Rahman, A., Chu, J.N., Ko, F., Use of least squares method to obtain relaxation function of AS4 Carbon-PEEK 3D braided composites from DMA data, Journal of Advanced Materials, 27(3), 1996, 51-54.
[14] Schapery, R.A., Stress Analysis of Viscoelastic Composite Materials, Journal of Composite Materials, 1, 1967, 228.
[15] Jamshidi, M., Shokrieh, M.M., On the Schapery nonlinear viscoelastic model: A review, European Journal of Mechanics A-Solids, 108, 2024, 105403.
[16] Katouzian, M., On the Effect of Temperature on Creep Behavior of Neat and Carbon Fiber Reinforced PEEK and Epoxy – A micromechanical Approach, PhD Thesis, 1995.
[17] Kovacevic, D., Sundararajan, B.K., van der Meer, F.P., Micromechanical model for off-axis creep rupture in unidirectional composites undergoing finite strains, Composites: Part A-Applied Science and Manufacturing, 176, 2024, 107860.
[18] Ha, S.K., Wang, Q.L., Chang, F.K., Modeling the Viscoplastic Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperatures, Journal of Composite Materials, 25(4), 1991, 334-374.
[19] Aulova, A., Oseli, A., Bek, M., Neural networks for predicting the temperature-dependent viscoelastic response of PEEK under constant stress rate loading, Polymer Testing, 100, 2021, 107233.
[20] Pedoto, G., Grandidier, J.C., Vinet, A., Assessment and simulation of the thermomechanical tensile and creep behavior of C/PEKK composites for aircraft applications above the glass transition temperature, Composite Structures, 318, 2023, 117069.
[21] Katouzian, M., Bruller, O.S., Horoschenkoff, A., On the Effect of Temperature on the Creep-Behavior of Neat and Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced PEEK and Epoxy-Resin, Journal of Composite Materials, 29(3), 1995, 372-387.
[22] Corveleyn, S., Lachaud, F., Rossignol, C., Long-term creep behavior of a short carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK at high temperature: Experimental and modeling approach, Composite Structures, 290, 2022, 115485.
[23] Yurchenko, M.E., Huang, J.J., Hammond, P.T., Synthesis, mechanical properties and chemical/solvent resistance of crosslinked poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketones) at high temperatures, Polymers, 51(9), 2010, 1914-1920.
[24] Papageorgiou, D.G., Liu, M.F., Kinloch, I.A., Hybrid poly(ether ether ketone) composites reinforced with a combination of carbon fibers and graphene nanoplatelets, Composites Science and Technology, 175, 2019, 60-68.
[25] Damore, A., Pompo, A., Nicolas, L., Viscoelastic effects in poly(ether ether ketone) (peek) and peek-based composites, Composites Science and Technology, 41(3), 1991, 303-325.
[26] Niculita, C. et al., Optimum stacking in a multi-ply laminate used for the skin of adaptive wings, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 5(11), 2011, 1233-1236.
[27] Yadav, A.K., et al., Reflection of hygrothermal waves in a Nonlocal Theory of coupled thermo-elasticity, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 31(5), 2024, 1083–1096.
[28] Zhang, X.H., Carbon nanotube/polyetheretherketone nanocomposites: mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, Journal of Composite Materials, 55(15), 2021, 2115-2132.
[29] Marin, M., Abbas, I., Kumar, R., Relaxed Saint-Venant principle for thermoelastic micropolar diffusion, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 51(4), 2014, 651-662.
[30] Teodorescu-Draghicescu, H., Vlase, S., Homogenization and averaging methods to predict elastic properties of pre-impregnated composite materials, Computational Materials Science, 50(4), 2011, 1310-1314.
[31] Vlase, S., Teodorescu-Draghicescu, H., Serbina, L., Simulation of the elastic properties of some fiber-reinforced composite laminates under off-axis loading system, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials –Rapid Communications, 5(3-4), 2011, 424-429
[32] Drozdov, A.D., Christiansen, J.D., Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Poly(ether ether ketone): Experiments and Modeling, Polymers, 13(11), 2021, 1779.
[33] Vlase, S., Teodorescu-Draghicescu, H., Calin, M.R., Behavior of multiphase fiber-reinforced polymers under short time cyclic loading, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials – Rapid Communications, 5(3-4), 2011, 419-423.
[34] Hermida, É.B., Arenas, C.D., Phenomenological models for the isothermal physical aging of PEEK, Heliyon, 4(12), 2018, e01018.
[35] Maksimov, R.D., Kubat, J., Time and temperature dependent deformation of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), Mechanics of Composite Materials, 33(6), 1997, 517-525.
[36] Ma, C.C.M., Tai, N.H., Sheu, M.F., Creep Properties of [+/-45. (4S) Laminate of Carbon Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites, 39th International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition: Moving Forward With 50 Years of Leadership in Advanced Materials, 39(1-2), 1994, 1489-1499.
[37] Chen, C.H., Chang, Y.H., Cheng, C.H., Micromechanics and Creep-Behavior of FiberiReinforced Polyether-Ether-Ketone Composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 29(3), 1995, 359-371.
[38] Brahim, H.O., Vukhanh, T., Gauvin, R., Creep Damage and Rupture in Carbon PEEK Composite, Symposium on Composite Materials, The International Conference on Advanced Materials (ICAM 91), 1992.
[39] Somiya, S., Ikeda, K., Segawa, N., Creep phenomenon of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK, Proceedings of the SEM 9th International Congress on Experimental Mechanics, 2000, 405-408.
[40] Fairhurst, A., Thommen, M., Rytka, C., Comparison of short and long term creep testing in high performance polymers, Polymer Testing, 78, 2019, 105979.
[41] Vlase, S., Teodorescu-Draghicescu, H., Scutaru, M.L., Advanced Polylite composite laminate material behavior to tensile stress on weft direction, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 14(7-8), 2012, 658-663.
[42] Teodorescu-Draghicescu, H., Vlase, S., Mihalcica, M., Advanced Pultruded Glass Fibers-Reinforced Isophthalic Polyester Resin, Plastic Materials, 52(1), 2015, 62-64.
[43] Ribeiro, B. et al., Carbon nanotube bucky paper reinforced polymer composites: a review, Polymers, 27(3), 2017, 247-255.
[44] Guo, L., Zhang, G., Wang, D., Zhao, F., TWang, T.M., Wang, Q., Significance of combined functional nanoparticles for enhancing tribological performance of PEEK reinforced with carbon fibers, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 102, 2017, 400-413.
[45] Tourani, H. et al., Effects of fibers and nanoparticles reinforcements on the mechanical and biological properties of hybrid composite poly ether ether ketone/short carbon fiber/nano-SiO2, Polymer Composites, 34(11), 2013, 1961-1969.
[46] Juncong, L., Shuhu, L., Aiyun, L., Wenfang, X., Junyan, L., Ping, L., Lei, S., Research on High-performance PEEK Composites, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2478, 2023, 042005.
[47] Fung, Y.C., Fundamentals of Solid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, 1965.
[48] Schapery, R.A., Stress Analysis of Viscoelastic Composite Materials, Journal of Composite Materials, 1, 1967, 228.
[49] Morris, D.H., Yeow, Y.T., Brinson, H.F., The Viscoelastic Behavior of the Principal Compliance Matrix of Unidirectional Graphite Epoxy Composite, Polymer Composites, 1(1), 1980, 32-36.
[50] Tan, H., Yan, S., Zhu, S., Wen, P., Creep Modeling of Composite Materials Based on Improved Gene Expression Programming, Scientific Reports, 12, 2022, 22244.
[51] Griffith, W.I., The Accelerated Characterization of Viscoelastic Composite Materials, PhD Thesis, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA, 1978.
[52] Vlase, S., et. al., Energy of accelerations used to obtain the motion equations of a three-dimensional finite element, Symmetry, 12(2), 2020, 321.
[53] Sturgeon, J.B., Creep of Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Resins. Creep of Engineering Materials, Pomeroy(Ed.), Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd, London, 1978.
[54] Chen, C.H., Chang, Y.H., Cheng, C.H., Micromechanics and Creep-Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Polyether-Ether-Ketone Composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 29(3), 1995, 359-371.
[55] Pop, N., A Finite Element Solution for a Three-dimensional Quasistatic frictional Contact Problem, Revue Roumaine des Sciences Techniques-Serie Electrotechnique et Energetique, 42(1-2), 1997, 209-218.
[56] Ghita, C., Pop, N., Cioban, H., Quasi-static behavior as a limit process of a dynamical one for an anisotropic hardening material, Computational Materials Science, 52(1), 2009, 217-225.
[57] Bhatti, M.M., et al., Insight into the dynamics of EMHD hybrid nanofluid (ZnO/CuO-SA) flow through a pipe for geothermal energy applications, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 2023, 14261–14273.
Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics
Volume 12, Issue 1
Winter 2026
Pages 1-10