[1] Goel, N., Taylor, R.A., Otanicar, T., A review of nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collectors: Design considerations and experiments with hybrid PV/Thermal and direct steam generation collectors, Renewable Energy, 145, 2020, 903–913.
[2] O’Keeffe, G.J., Mitchell, S.L., Myers, T.G., Cregan, V., Modelling the efficiency of a nanofluid-based direct absorption parabolic trough solar collector, Solar Energy, 159, 2018, 44–54.
[3] Kalogirou, S.A., Solar thermal collectors and applications, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 30(3), 2004, 231–295.
[4] Xu, X., Xu, C., Liu, J., Fang, X., Zhang, Z., A direct absorption solar collector based on a water-ethylene glycol based nanofluid with anti-freeze property and excellent dispersion stability, Renewable Energy, 133, 2019, 760–769.
[5] Sainz-Mañas, M., Bataille, F., Caliot, C., Vossier, A., Flamant, G., Direct absorption nanofluid-based solar collectors for low and medium temperatures: A review, Energy, 260, 2022, 124916.
[6] AbdEl-Rady Abu-Zeid, M., et al., Performance enhancement of flat-plate and parabolic trough solar collector using nanofluid for water heating application, Results in Engineering, 21, 2024, 101673.
[7] Xiong, Q., et al., A comprehensive review on the application of hybrid nanofluids in solar energy collectors, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 2021, 101341.
[8] Rashid, F.L., et al., Recent advances and developments of the application of hybrid nanofluids in parabolic solar collector energy systems and guidelines for future prospects, Journal of Engineering Research, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2024.04.023.
[9] Gorji, T.B., Ranjbar, A.A., Geometry optimization of a nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collector using response surface methodology, Solar Energy, 122, 2015, 314–325.
[10] Simeu, C.T., Njomo, D., Chara-Dackou, V.S., Babikir, M.H., Comparative study of thermal performance improvement of parabolic trough solar collector using different heat transfer fluids, economic and environmental analysis of power generation, Results in Engineering, 23, 2024, 102353.
[11] Otanicar, T.P., Phelan, P.E., Prasher, R.S., Rosengarten, G., Taylor, R.A., Nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collector, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2(3), 2010, 034701.
[12] Sreekumar, S., Shah, N., Mondol, J.D., Hewitt, N., Chakrabarti, S., Broadband absorbing mono, blended and hybrid nanofluids for direct absorption solar collector: A comprehensive review, Nano Futures, 6(2), 2022, 022002.
[13] Xu, G., Chen, W., Deng, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, S., Performance evaluation of a nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collector with parabolic trough concentrator, Nanomaterials, 5(4), 2015, 2131–2147.
[14] Valizade, M., Heyhat, M.M., Maerefat, M., Experimental comparison of optical properties of nanofluid and metal foam for using in direct absorption solar collectors, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 195, 2019, 71–80.
[15] Heyhat, M.M., Valizade, M., Abdolahzade, S., Maerefat, M., Thermal efficiency enhancement of direct absorption parabolic trough solar collector (DAPTSC) by using nanofluid and metal foam, Energy, 192, 2020, 116662.
[16] Ram, S., Ganesan, H., Saini, V., Kumar, A., Performance assessment of a parabolic trough solar collector using nanofluid and water based on direct absorption, Renewable Energy, 214, 2023, 11–22.
[17] Joseph, A., Thomas, S., Energy, exergy and corrosion analysis of direct absorption solar collector employed with ultra-high stable carbon quantum dot nanofluid, Renewable Energy, 181, 2022, 725–737.
[18] Eriksen, A.B., Kosinski, P., Balakin, B.V., Kosinska, A., Experimental study of a direct absorption solar collector with stationary nanofluid, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 23, 2024, 100683.
[19] Al-Rabeeah, A.Y., Seres, I., Farkas, I., Experimental and numerical investigation of parabolic trough solar collector thermal efficiency enhanced by graphene–Fe₃O₄/water hybrid nanofluid, Results in Engineering, 21, 2024, 101887.
[20] Karami, M., Experimental investigation of first and second laws in a direct absorption solar collector using hybrid Fe₃O₄/SiO₂ nanofluid, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 136(2), 2019, 661–671.
[21] Bindu, M.V., Herbert, G.M.J., Experimental investigation of stability, optical property and thermal conductivity of water-based MWCNT–Al₂O₃–ZnO mono, binary and ternary nanofluid, Synthetic Metals, 287, 2022, 117058.
[22] Li, X., Zeng, G., Lei, X., The stability, optical properties and solar-thermal conversion performance of SiC–MWCNTs hybrid nanofluids for the direct absorption solar collector (DASC) application, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 206, 2020, 110323.
[23] Mashhadian, A., Heyhat, M.M., Mahian, O., Improving environmental performance of a direct absorption parabolic trough collector by using hybrid nanofluids, Energy Conversion and Management, 244, 2021, 114450.
[24] Menbari, A., Alemrajabi, A.A., Ghayeb, Y., Experimental investigation of stability and extinction coefficient of Al₂O₃–CuO binary nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol–water mixture for low-temperature direct absorption solar collectors, Energy Conversion and Management, 108, 2016, 501–510.
[25] Hussein, O.A., et al., Multiwalled carbon nanotubes–titanium dioxide nanocomposite for flat plate solar collectors applications, Applied Thermal Engineering, 229, 2023, 120545.
[26] Akhgar, A., Toghraie, D., An experimental study on the stability and thermal conductivity of water–ethylene glycol/TiO₂–MWCNTs hybrid nanofluid: Developing a new correlation, Powder Technology, 338, 2018, 806–818.
[27] Sreekumar, S., Shaji, J., Cherian, G., Thomas, S., Mondol, J.D., Shah, N., Corrosion analysis and performance investigation of hybrid MXene/C-dot nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collector, Solar Energy, 269, 2024, 112317.
[28] Chen, W., Zou, C., Li, X., Application of large-scale prepared MWCNTs nanofluids in solar energy system as volumetric solar absorber, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 200, 2019, 109931.
[29] Tam, N.T., et al., Carbon nanomaterial-based nanofluids for direct thermal solar absorption, Nanomaterials, 10(6), 2020, 1199.
[30] Raza, S.H., et al., Experimental analysis of thermal performance of direct absorption parabolic trough collector integrating water-based nanofluids for sustainable environment applications, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 49, 2023, 103366.
[31] Iqbal, S.M., Arulprakasajothi, M., Dilip Raja, N., Monison, S., Bosko, J., Teja, B., Investigation on the thermal behaviour of titanium dioxide nanofluid, Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(9), 2018, 20608-20613.
[32] Kalogirou, S., Solar Energy Engineering, 2nd ed., Elsevier, 2014.
[33] Tagle-Salazar, P.D., Nigam, K.D.P., Rivera-Solorio, C.I., Parabolic trough solar collectors: A general overview of technology, industrial applications, energy market, modeling, and standards, Green Processing and Synthesis, 9(1), 2020, 59–77.
[34] Kalogirou, S.A., Lloyd, S., Ward, J., Eleftheriou, P., Design and performance characteristics of a parabolic-trough solar-collector system, Proceedings of the 1994 ISES Solar World Congress, 1994.
[35] Heyhat, M.M., Zahi Khattar, M., On the effect of different placement schemes of metal foam as volumetric absorber on the thermal performance of a direct absorption parabolic trough solar collector, Energy, 266, 2023, 126428.
[36] Valizade, M., Heyhat, M.M., Maerefat, M., Experimental study of the thermal behavior of direct absorption parabolic trough collector by applying copper metal foam as volumetric solar absorption, Renewable Energy, 145, 2020, 261–269.
[37] Forristall, R., Heat Transfer Analysis and Modeling of a Parabolic Trough Solar Receiver Implemented in Engineering Equation Solver, Report No. NREL/TP-550-34169, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 2003.
[38] Kasaeian, A., Daviran, S., Azarian, R.D., Rashidi, A., Performance evaluation and nanofluid using capability study of a solar parabolic trough collector, Energy Conversion and Management, 89, 2015, 368–375.
[39] Kalogirou, S.A., Solar Energy Engineering: Processes and Systems, 1st ed., Academic Press, 2009.
[40] Edalatpour, A., Hosseinalipour, S.M., Moghimi, M., An experimental analysis of the performance of direct absorption parabolic trough collectors with laser-processed copper surfaces, Scientific Reports, 15(1), 2025, 8921.
[41] Shahdad, I., Moghimi, M., Navidbakhsh, M., Experimental analysis of copper foam thicknesses and non-uniform configurations on the performance of direct absorption parabolic trough collectors, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 27, 2025, 101064.
[42] ASHRAE Standard 93-2010, Method of testing to determine the thermal performance of the collector, American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2010.
[43] Wang, J., Yang, X., Klemeš, J.J., Tian, K., Ma, T., Sunden, B., A review on nanofluid stability: preparation and application, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 188, 2023, 113854.
[44] Zhang, H., Qing, S., Xu, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, A., Stability and thermal conductivity of TiO₂/water nanofluids: A comparison of the effects of surfactants and surface modification, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 641, 2022, 128492.
[45] Kumar, R., Hassan, M.A., Biosurfactant augmented characterization and heat transport assessment of MWCNT–H₂O nanofluid in solar collector, International Journal of Thermophysics, 45(5), 2024, 3364.
[46] Mohamed, S.A., et al., Gum Arabic: A commodity with versatile formulations and applications, Nanomaterials, 15(4), 2025, 290.
[47] Said, Z., et al., Enhancing the performance of automotive radiators using nanofluids, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 2019, 183–194.
[48] Alizadeh, H., Pourpasha, H., Zeinali Heris, S., Estellé, P., Experimental investigation on thermal performance of covalently functionalized hydroxylated and non-covalently functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes/transformer oil nanofluid, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 31, 2022, 101713.
[49] Ghadimi, A., Metselaar, I.H., The influence of surfactant and ultrasonic processing on improvement of stability, thermal conductivity and viscosity of titania nanofluid, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 51, 2013, 1–9.
[50] Kuharat, S., Anwar Bég, O., Kadir, A., Vasu, B., Computation of metallic nanofluid natural convection in a two-dimensional solar enclosure with radiative heat transfer, aspect ratio and volume fraction effects, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45(11), 2020, 9075–9093.
[51] Karami, M., Akhavan Bahabadi, M.A., Delfani, S., Ghozatloo, A., A new application of carbon nanotubes nanofluid as working fluid of low-temperature direct absorption solar collector, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 121, 2014, 114–118.
[52] Guo, J., et al., Enhanced optical properties and light-to-heat conversion performance of Ti₃C₂/[BMIM]BF₄ nanofluids based direct absorption solar collector, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 237, 2022, 111558.
[53] Zheng, N., Yan, F., Wang, L., Sun, Z., Photo-thermal conversion performance of mono MWCNT and hybrid MWCNT–TiN nanofluids in direct absorption solar collectors, International Journal of Energy Research, 46(6), 2022, 8313–8327.
[54] Hazra, S.K., Michael, M., Nandi, T.K., Investigations on optical and photo-thermal conversion characteristics of BN–EG and BN/CB–EG hybrid nanofluids for applications in direct absorption solar collectors, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 230, 2021, 111245.
[55] Bellos, E., Tzivanidis, C., Tsimpoukis, D., Enhancing the performance of parabolic trough collectors using nanofluids and turbulators, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, 2018, 119–137.
[56] Moffat, R.J., Using uncertainty analysis in the planning of an experiment, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 107(2), 1985, 173–178.
[57] Tian, W., Bao, Y., Qin, G., Liu, L., Zheng, X., Influence mechanism of functionalization of CNTs on the thermal transport property of their nanofluids, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 392, 2023, 123433.
[58] Bao, Y., Luo, Q., Zheng, X., Qin, G., Hydroxyl functionalized MWCNT nanofluids with excellent photothermal conversion performance in direct absorption solar collectors, Diamond and Related Materials, 140, 2023, 110489.
[59] Bao, Y., Huang, A., Zheng, X., Qin, G., Enhanced photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT/SiC hybrid aqueous nanofluids in direct absorption solar collectors, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 387, 2023, 122577.
[60] ASTM G173-03, Standard tables for reference solar spectral irradiances: direct normal and hemispherical on 37° tilted surface, ASTM International, 2003.
[61] Faizal, M., Saidur, R., Mekhilef, S., Alim, M.A., Energy, economic and environmental analysis of metal oxides nanofluid for flat-plate solar collector, Energy Conversion and Management, 76, 2013, 162–168.
[62] Khattar, M.Z., Heyhat, M.M., Exergy, Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Direct Absorption Parabolic Trough Collector Filled with Porous Metal Foam, Energies (Basel), 15(21), 2022, 8150.
[63] IEA, Electricity information: overview, International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, 2020.
[64] Crawford, R.H., Treloar, G.J., Database of Embodied Energy and Water Values for Materials, University of Melbourne, 2010.
[65] Praseeda, K.I., Venkatarama Reddy, B.V., Mani, M., Life-Cycle Energy Assessment in Buildings: Framework, Approaches, and Case Studies, in Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, Elsevier, 2017, 113–136.
[66] Ahbabi Saray, J., Heyhat, M.M., Modeling of a direct absorption parabolic trough collector based on using nanofluid: 4E assessment and water-energy nexus analysis, Energy, 244, 2022, 123170.
[67] Singh, S.K., Tiwari, A.K., Paliwal, H.K., Thermo-economic assessment of hybrid Kalina cycle and organic Rankine cycle system using a parabolic trough collector solar field, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 46, 2023, 102132.
[68] Singh, S.K., Tiwari, A.K., Paliwal, H.K., Techno-economic assessment of retrofitted parabolic trough collector for Kalina power cycle, Applied Thermal Engineering, 236, 2024, 121550.
Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics