HAM Analysis for Mixed Convection Darcy Forcheimer Couple Stress Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Embedded in a Permeable Surface with the Impact of Thermal Radiation

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Ali Rehman 1 , 2
Abdullah Aziz Saad 1
Mustafa Inc 3 , 4 , 5
Siti Sabariah Binti Abas 4
K. Sudarmozhi 2
1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
2 Department of Mathematics, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
3 Department of Mathematics, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkiye
4 Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkiye
5 Faculty of Informatics and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Campus Besut, 22200 Terengganu, Malaysia
10.22055/jacm.2026.48860.5557
Abstract
The paper analyses the mixed convection flow of the Darcy–Forchheimer couple-stress model with a ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) over a porous stretching surface using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The THNF, which comprises a ternary hybrid nanofluid with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and Silver (Ag) nanoparticles dispersed in blood, is expected to enhance the thermal conductivity and energy transport of the fluid and is suitable for biomedical and energy applications. The governing equations account for the resistance of the porous medium (Darcy–Forchheimer), couple-stress rheology, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and heat generation. It uses similarity transformations to linearise the governing nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and uses the BVPh 2.0 to obtain highly accurate velocity and temperature profiles. The study varied the following parameters: Forchheimer number (Fr), porosity (ε), magnetohydrodynamics (M), radiation (R), Eckert (Ec), Grashof (Gr), Biot (Bi), volume fraction (φ) of the nanoparticles, and heat source (Q). It was observed that Fr and ε reduce velocity by 20-40% due to inertial/porous drag and 30% due to Gr, which is a result of buoyancy. The flow decelerated the most under MHD, increasing skin friction.  Increased temperatures correlated with R, Ec, and Q, thereby creating thicker thermal boundary layers. The Nusselt number (Nu) due to the synergy between blood and THNF increased by 15-25%. This is due to the absorption of blood THNFs (kthnf) and R. Increased Bi increased the convective heat transfer. Skin friction increased with φ (due to the viscosity enhancement) and Fr (around 20-30% over Fr = 0.2-0.8), then decreased with Gr due to boundary layer reduction. Findings optimise THNF perfusion in vascular scaffolds (thrombosis control via drag/MHD), hyperthermia therapy (localised heating), and porous heat exchangers (compact cooling). HAM convergence (hφ = -0.9, hθ = -1.0) ensures dependability, yielding parametric domains that produce 10-20% excess performance over mono nanofluids.
Keywords
Mixed convection flow, HAM, Darcy&ndash
Forchheimer couple-stress model, MHD, thermal radiation, Hybrid nanofluid
Subjects

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